CLIMATE CHANGE AND CARBON MANAGEMENT

Worldwide studies on environment and climate change issues are carried out by the initiatives of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP).

Leading global practices in the field of environment and climate;

• Carbon markets and carbon taxes built on carbon pricing,

Climate finance for climate change mitigation and adaptation projects,

• Emission reduction and adaptation studies are underway.

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climage Change (UNFCCC), which was accepted at the 1992 Rio de Janeiro Environment and Development Conference, is the first step of today’s work on climate change. The Conference of the Parties (COP), formed by 196 countries that accepted the

UNFCCC in the 1992 Rio Conference, is in the decision-making position in the meetings held. Therefore, COP conferences constitute the mechanism that shapes the global policy and determines the road map on climate change issues. The Kyoto Protocol, which has the widest sphere of influence so far in combating climate change and global warming, was created at the 1992 UNFCCC Conference. It has been in effect since 1995. The protocol guides countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions based on the assumptions that global warming exists and is caused by human-induced CO2 production. The countries that have accepted the protocol have committed to reduce their emissions by 5 percent between 2008 and 2012, based on 1990. The effective period of the Kyoto Protocol

will expire in 2020, and the new international protocol that will replace Kyoto is currently underway. In this context, different strategies are applied for mitigation and adaptation studies of climate change. As a result of the studies, it was determined that global warming should be limited to 2 degrees Celsius in 2100 compared to 1990 in order to be affected by climate change at a minimum level, and this decision was approved by the COP member countries. According to IPCC reports, net emission amounts must be zeroed to reach this target by 2100. At this point, carbon pricing projects are important. Carbon markets and carbon taxation systems, which plan to limit the emissions developed as a result of the Kyoto Protocol through trade

method, allow the studies conducted by pricing carbon to be calculated on this economic value. In this context, carbon credits and carbon markets are becoming increasingly important in global strategies. At the end of the 2014 COP 20 Lima Conference, it is aimed to establish a legal mechanism and protocol for all parties at the COP 21 meeting to be held in 2015, and to examine all issues such as adaptation, mitigation, financing, technology development and transfer, and the greenhouse gases of each country before COP 21. about reducing its emissions- INDC) was

decided to be shared with the public. The prominent issues at COP 21 held in Paris in December 2015 are as follows:

• Keeping global warming below 2 degrees and limiting it to 1.5 degrees as much as possible,

• All parties to announce their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) and make binding commitments that will trigger them to take measures to achieve these goals,
• Identifying and minimizing losses and damages caused by climate change,
• Regular reporting of the emission amounts of all countries, the implementation of their National Contributions and the progress in Intended Nationally Determined Contributions targets, and the international evaluation of the progress,
• Each country prepares its new National Contributions every 5 years, which is expected to improve compared to the previous one,
• Developed countries support developing countries,
• Developing a new mechanism that will replace the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), which is valid in the Kyoto Protocol, and enable the emission reduction in one country to be used in the National Contribution of another country
• Extending the commitment to mobilize 100 billion dollars of financing every year until 2020 until 2025 and setting a higher target for the period after 2025,
• Requiring international emission trading parties to do the necessary work to prevent double counting.

Contribution decisions of the EU, the United States of America and China are among the country plans. It has announced that the greenhouse gas emission reduction rate to be applied in all EU member countries will be 40%. The USA stated that it will reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 26-28% in 2025 compared to 2005. In this context, China has stated that it will increase its carbon emissions to the ceiling in 2030 and reduce it from this year, that the share of fossil fuels will be reduced synchronously and the carbon intensity of the economy will be reduced by 60% -65%. In order to achieve this, very serious steps must be taken starting from today regarding global carbon emissions. Certain sanctions are also expected to be imposed

on the private sector in order to achieve these national targets. These sanctions can take the form of carbon tax, carbon trading markets, or mandatory emission reduction practices. In order to be prepared on the road to 2030, it will be beneficial for companies to make the necessary preparations in advance. Companies can start by first measuring the carbon footprint of their activities and calculating the total carbon emissions. In doing so, it is important to ask which standard is used in the carbon calculation system to be used, since the use of a measurement system that uses international standards will ensure healthy results. series. With ZeroKarbon, companies are on the way to be carbon neutral. They can manage their processes and share their reduction commitments with the public transparently with the ZeroKarbon certification. International and national standards have been taken as

basis for the establishment of the principles. In the measurement of greenhouse gas emissions, Zero Carbon Principles, national regulations for companies and facilities in the light of IPCC, “ISO 14064” and “GHG Protocol”; For products and services, it is in compliance with “PAS 2050” standards. ZeroCarbon Principles offer 3 different types of certification for the institution, product and service sector in order to cover all areas that may be subject to greenhouse gas emission measurement and removal of carbon footprint and to reflect the difference between them: Zero Carbon Corporation determines the greenhouse gas emission sources of customers with different legal entities, calculates greenhouse gas emissions, determines the necessary mitigation strategies, takes internal (mitigation) and external (purchasing carbon credits)

actions within these strategies and communicating the work carried out to the public with Zero Carbon Certification. Zero Carbon Product has been certified in order to measure, report, reduce the carbon emissions determined in line with the life cycle analysis (LCA-Life Cycle Assessment) of the products sold and inform the product customers. Includes processes. ZeroKarbon Product certification system ensures that consumers; Zero Carbon Service aims to inform about the negative effects caused by climate change, both in the production of the products they purchase and in the process until they reach them, and during their use. Zero Carbon Service aims to measure, report and reduce carbon emissions of different activities of companies operating in the service sector or some activities carried out by companies at micro and certification processes for informing customers.

ZeroKarbon Service is aimed at calculating and deleting greenhouse gas emissions, especially within the scope of solo activities. Companies measuring their carbon footprint now go to the option of resetting this footprint (ie offseting) as a second step. The offset “somewhat” resets the carbon emitted by purchasing carbon credits, which are equivalent to the amount of carbon consumed by an institution, from renewable energy projects, showing that carbon release into the atmosphere is prevented. As the credits it purchases are provided for renewable energy projects, they also contribute to long-term carbon emission reduction.As part of the Zero Carbon service, Escarus provides support for companies to obtain carbon credits to offset their greenhouse gas emissions. In addition to zero emissions, efficiency practices and practices that reduce carbon emissions should go. First of all, reducing

unnecessary energy consumption with energy efficiency, and simplifying the production process for industry will reduce carbon emissions. However, it is recommended to work with an expert engineering team in order to determine the works that will provide efficiency in a company or factory in the most accurate way.