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verbs (i verbi italiani)Italian verbs are among the most challenging elements of Italian language learning. There are a few general things to remember about verbs: remember there are three classes, or conjugations, of verbs in Italian, according to the last three letters of their infinitive: “-are,” “-ere,” and “-ire“(a few infinitives end in –rre, such as trarre, porre, and derivatives) |
la forma passiva: un esercizio sul traffico di Roma | |
verb moods (sometimes called “modes”)
INFINITO (infinitive) PARTICIPIO (participle) GERUNDIO (gerundive) INDICATIVO (indicative), the tenses of which are: CONDIZIONALE (conditional) IMPERATIVO (imperative) CONGIUNTIVO (subjunctive) IL PERIODO IPOTETICO (the hypothetical construction) |
verbs of special importance
avere and essere (to have and to be) dovere, potere, volere (must, can, want) piacere (to like) verbi riflessivi (reflexive verbs) |
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attenzione:
1. nouns that are abbreviated from longer nouns keep the gender of the original noun, sometimes in spite of appearances: il cinema, because it comes from il cinematografo 2. several common nouns that end in “a” are masculine (they come from Greek words): il poeta, il profeta, il programma, il dramma, il dilemma, il problema 3. nouns that end in an accented vowel, or that are of foreign origin, do not change in the plural: un caffé, due caffé; una città, due città 4. nouns that end in “-ista” can be masculine or feminine: un giornalista/una giornalista; molti giornalisti/molte giornaliste; un comunista/una comunista; molti comunisti/molte comuniste; il protagonista/la protagonista; i protagonisti/le protagoniste |
2)partitive and indefinites (partitivi e indefiniti)
How do you say “some,” “any,” “a few,” “a lot of,” and so on in Italian? That is what the partitive and the indefinite adjective and pronouns help you express. This is more of a vocabulary lesson than a grammar one.
il partitivo=the partitive
for this, you can use the preposition di + definite article:
vorrei del pane I would like some bread
vorrei degli spaghetti I would like some spaghetti
vorrei della carne I would like some meat
vorrei dello zucchero I would like some sugar
vorrei delle uova I would like some eggs
You can also use qualche (+singular noun) or alcuni / alcune (+plural noun), but only with things that can be counted (and not with uncountable items such as zucchero, pasta, pane, etc.)
vorrei qualche amico I would like some friends
vorrei alcuni amici I would like some friends
vorrei qualche bistecca I would like some steaks
vorrei qualche uovo I would like some eggs
vorrei alcune uova I would like some eggs
adjective: ogni (+ sing.) each, every
Ogni mattina/Ogni studente
pronoun: ognuno (+ sing.), everyone
Ognuno deve fare i compiti
adjective: nessuno/nessuna (+sing.) no, any
non mi piace nessun film francese
pronoun: nessuno/nessuna (+sing.) nobody, no one
non è venuto nessuno alla mia festa
adjective: molto/molta/molti/molte (+ sing.), many
Molti dei miei studenti vanno in Italia
Oggi ho molta fame
pronoun: molto/molta/molti/molte (+ sing.), many
Molti si sono arrabbiati quando sono arrivata tardi.
Hai fame? Sì, ne ho molta
adjective: qualche (+ sing.) some, a few
Qualche volta esco con le amiche di mia sorella
pronoun: qualcuno=qualcheduno (+ sing.)
C’é qualcuno che non ama la cioccolata?
pronoun: qualche cosa/qualcosa (+ sing.)
Abbiamo pensato a qualcosa di romantico
adjective: alcuni/e (+ pl.), some
Alcuni amici sono restati a casa
pronoun: alcuni/e (+ pl.), some
Alcuni restano nel Vermont, altri vanno in Italia
adjective: del/dello/della/dei/degli/delle (+ pl.), some
Hai del vino in casa?
No, ho solo della birra e delle patatine
Io invece ho dello zucchero e dei biscotti.
pronoun: niente=nulla (+ sing.), nothing
No, non ho nulla, sono stanco perché non ho mangiato niente.
adjective: tutto/a/i/e (+ art.), all
Ho dormito tutto il giorno, sono un pigrone
Tutti gli studenti escono il giovedì sera ma io no.
pronoun: tutti/e (+ pl.), everyone
Tutti hanno studiato, naturalmente
pronoun: tutto, everything
Ho mangiato tutto
adjective: qualunque=qualsiasi(+ sing.), any, whatever
A noi piace qualunque film
A noi piace qualsiasi film
pronoun: chiunque (+ sing.), anyone
Chiunque si innamorerebbe di te, sei la donna ideale!
1)comparatives and superlatives (i comparativi e i superlativi)
I. IL COMPARATIVO:
There are three comparatives: di maggioranza (majority), di minoranza (minority), di uguaglianza (equality)
comparativo di maggioranza
più…di
più…che
comparativo di minoranza
meno…di
meno…che
you use “DI“:
1.when two terms are compared with respect to one quality/action
2.in front of numbers
you use “CHE“
3.when there is one term and two qualities/actions refer to this one term
4.in front of a preposition
5.in front of an infinitive
comparativo di uguaglianza
a. (così)…come or (tanto)…quanto
(for adjective and adverbs: “così…come” and “tanto…quanto” are adverbs and there is no agreement)
b. (tanto)…quanto
(for nouns: here “tanto…quanto” are adjectives and there is agreement)
c. (tanto) quanto…
(for verbs: “(tanto)…quanto” are adverbs and there is no agreement)
così and tanto are optional and usually avoided
II. IL SUPERLATIVO RELATIVO
This is one of the easiest grammatical points in Italian (“uno dei punti grammaticali più facili dell’italiano”). The relative superlative is formed by:
the definite article (il, la, i , le) + (noun) + più/meno + adjective + di + the term in relation to which we are comparing
(it is like English, really, except that in Italian you use “di” instead of “in”)
III. SUPERLATIVO ASSOLUTO
It is the equivalent of the English “very+adjective” and “adjective+est” or “most+adjective.” In Italian this can be expressed in several ways:
1. by adding -issimo/a/i/e at the end of an adjective
2. by placing molto, tanto, parecchio, assai in front of the adjective
3. by using the prefix arci-, stra-, super-, ultra-
4. by using stock phrases such as ricco sfondato (filthy rich); ubriaco fradicio (very drunk); stanco morto (dead tired); bagnato fradicio (soaking wet); innamorato cotto (madly in love)…
5. by repeating the adjective or the adverb
6. some adjectives have irregular superlatives: acre/acerrimo; celebre/celeberrimo; integro/integerrimo; celebre/celeberrimo; misero/miserrimo; salubre/saluberrimo; in spoken language, however, people just avoid “-issimo” with these and use “molto, tanto, parecchio, assai.”
BUT BASICALLY, IF YOU KNOW (1) and (2) YOU ARE SET
III. COMPARATIVI E SUPERLATIVI IRREGOLARI
Please refer to the ILUSS site or to your grammar book for a complete list of these. The ones you absolutely must know are the following:
the comparative of “bene” is always “meglio” (and never “più bene”–it hurts me to even write it!)
the comparative of “buono” can be “migliore” (“più buono” can also be used)
the comparative of “male” is always “peggio” (and never “più male”–again, it hurts me to even write it)
the comparative of “cattivo” can be “peggiore” (“più cattivo” can also be used)
“maggiore” is an alternative to “più grande” (più grande=bigger; maggiore=greater)
“minore” is an alternative to “più piccolo” (più piccolo=smaller; minore=lesser)
Published: Mar 5, 2016
Latest Revision: Mar 7, 2016
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