UPFORUE.ing

European Union:

The European Union is a supranational international political and economic entity, comprising 28 independent and democratic member countries of Europe. Its formation was anticipated by the Treaty of Rome of 25 March 1957, its current name and structure by the Treaty of Maastricht of 7 February 1992, and its official establishment in 2002 with the advent of the first and subsequent Treaty of Lisbon, After a long journey undertaken by the European Communities, we have passed a long period of European integration.

Its political functions are similar to those of a federation of states, while in other areas the Union is closer to a supranational political confederation or policy, regulated at the legal level by Community law with its legal system and at the top of the European Constitution.

It is in fact the free movement of persons, goods, services and capital within its territory through a common European market and citizenship of the European Union, aims at political stability, social and territorial cohesion between Member States and growth, economic and technological, seeking to mitigate socio-economic differences, promoting peace, social values and the welfare of its peoples, fighting against social exclusion and discrimination. The Union’s competences range from economic policies to a common agricultural policy and the presence of structural funds for the achievement of the relevant socio-economic objectives,

The economic and monetary union policies of the European Union led in 2002 to the introduction of a single currency, the euro, adopted by the United States, which provides for the so-called eurozone, with a common monetary policy regulated by the European Central Bank (ECB).

On 12 October 2012, she was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize on the following grounds: “for more than six decades, she has been advancing peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe”.

One of the European capitals is FRANCE:

Name : France

Capital : Paris

Surface area : 640 597 km²

Population : 65 233 271

Form of government : Semi-presidential Republic

Motto : Freedom, Equality, Fraternity (Freedom, Equality, Brotherhood)

National anthem : La Marseillaise

Official language : French

Currency : Euro (EUR), since 1999

Neighbouring countries : Andorra, Belgium, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Monaco, Spain, Switzerland, Italy

Sea borders : English Channel, Mediterranean Sea, Tyrrhenian Sea, North Sea, Atlantic Ocean

Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator

France is a Western European country bordering Spain and Andorra to the southwest, with Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland and Italy to the east, also overlooking the Mediterranean Sea to the south, the North Sea and the English Channel to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west.

France is the most visited country in the world (by number of foreign visitors, for 37 years), and the same goes for Paris, which is the first tourist city in terms of arrivals (from 75 years) and, finally, the Eiffel Tower which is the most visited monument in the world.

In ancient history, the French territory was inhabited by the Celts. France in the first century BC was conquered by the Romans, who called it Gaul transalpine. After 476, with the fall of Rome, France was invaded by the Franks, a western Germanic people. In 800 Charlemagne, the king of the Franks, became emperor of the Carolingian Empire. This empire covered a large part of Western Europe. After Charlemagne’s death, the empire was divided into three kingdoms: Charlemagne the Bald obtained the territories to the west of the Rhone and the Meuse, which will coincide with the Kingdom of the Western Franks, that is, the Kingdom of France and Navarre in medieval times. 987 begins with Hugh Capeto of France the House of Capetingi. In 1328 the authority of France passed to the Valois dynasty.

On 14 May 1643 Louis XIV of France, known as the Sun King and the Great, became King of France, concentrating all power in his hands. In the seventeenth century France became the place of development of the Enlightenment, thus spreading the ideals of equality, freedom and reason.

On July 14, 1789, the French Revolution broke out, thus abolishing the monarchy in France in 1792.

In 1804, with Napoleon Bonaparte’s rise to power, France dominated much of Europe until 1814.

The 19th century was the period of the second industrial revolution and colonial conquests in Asia, Oceania and Africa. In 1851 Napoleon III proclaimed the Second French Empire, which lasted until 1870, with the affirmation of the Third French Republic.

France was occupied by the Germans during the Second World War (1940-1944).

With Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle France became a semi-presidential republic, (Fifth French Republic) and lost most of its colonies. It later became one of the world’s major economic and political powers and became one of the founding states of the European Union.

Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator

There are several local languages (Basque, Breton, Catalan, Corsican, Dutch (Flemish), Alsatian, Occitan and French-Provençal), but the French government and the school system have discouraged their use until recently. Regional languages are now taught in some schools, although French remains the only official language used by the local or national government.

French historical monuments have long been classified as such and often bear this symbol: .

Louvre Museum, Eiffel Tower, Pompidou Centre, Notre-Dame, La Défense, La Villette, Quai D’Horsai – Museum of Impressionists; all this in Paris.
The Palace of Versailles
Castle of fontainebleau
The castles of the Loire: Loches, Sully, Langeais, Chambord, Chinon, Blois, Amboise, Villandry, Azay le Rideau
The castle of Chambord
Amiens Cathedral
Cliffs in Normandy
The church and tides of Mont Saint-Michel in Normandy
Chantilly Castle
The walls of the city of Fougères in Brittany
Monet Garden in Giverny
Cathedral and Palais du Tau in Reims
The historical centre of Carcassonne
The Grimaldi Castle in Antibes

Bullying:

It is a form of social behaviour of a violent and intentional type[1], of both physical and psychological nature, oppressive and vexatious, repeated over time[1] and implemented against persons considered by the subject perpetrating the act in question, as easy targets and/or incapable of defending himself[1].

The term is mainly used to refer to phenomena of violence typical of school environments[1] and more generally of social contexts reserved for young people[1][2]. The same behaviour, or similar behaviour, in other contexts, are identified with other terms, such as mobbing in the workplace[1] or hazing in the armed forces. Since the 2000s, with the advent of the Internet, another phenomenon related to bullying has been emerging, also in this case widespread especially among young people, cyber-bullying.

Bullying as a social and deviant phenomenon is the subject of study among experts in the social sciences, legal psychology, clinical psychology, the evolutionary age and other related disciplines. There is no single definition of bullying for scholars, although several have been proposed. However, it is possible to identify the general characteristics of the phenomenon in question:

“The term bullying does not refer to any aggressive or otherwise seriously incorrect behaviour towards one or more […], but precisely […] “a set of repeated verbal, physical and psychological behaviours, put in place by an individual, or a group of individuals, towards weaker individuals”.
The weakness of the victim or victims may depend on personal […] or socio-cultural characteristics […].
The behaviors (repeated) that are configured as manifestations of bullying are varied, ranging from offense to threat, from exclusion from the group to slander, from the misappropriation of objects […] to beat or force the victim to do something against their will.