The Egyptians

Content

– Ancient Egyptian map

– Modern Egyptian map
– Important cities cities on a map

– River Nile

– Important Landmarks

– Dynasties

– Important Pharaoh

– Egyptian Culture

– Why the cities were near the Nile River.
– How the rulers of Ancient Egypt were divided into families and dynasties.
– Rich and powerful the pharaohs were.
– The crowns and symbols of pharaohs.
– List some well-known pharaohs.
– Tutankhamen
– Pharaohs reigns/Different Pharaohs

– Why mummification was developed to preserve bodies for the afterlife
– The importance of The Book of the Dead
– Jobs and role of the Ancient Egyptians.
– Criteria of the jobs.
– Ancient Egypt with present-day social classes.

Important cities

Cairo– It is the capital of Egypt, it is set on river Nile. In Africa, Cairo is one of the biggest metropolitan areas. The population is 20,439,541 million people. It is the biggest city in Egypt. It is the sixth most populated national capital. Cairo is located near the Nile Delta.

Giza– Giza is the third largest city in Egypt. It was founded in 642 AD. The Giza Plateau contains historic Egyptian monuments. It is populated with 3.628 million people.It is located on the west bank of the Nile.

Alexandria– Alexandria is a Mediterranean port city in Egypt. It is populated with 5.172 million people, making it the second largest city in Egypt.The city also has Greco-Roman landmarks, old-world cafes and sandy beaches. It is located along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea in the North central part of Egypt.

Luxor– Luxor is a city on the east bank of the Nile River in southern Egypt. It is ancient Thebes. Today the city surrounds two surviving ancient monuments: graceful Luxor Temple and Karnak Temple, a mile north.

River Nile

The River Nile is the longest River in the world according to Britannica. It is 6,650 kilometres in length. It flows through the Northeastern part of Africa and drains into the Mediterranean sea. The Nile is formed by three main streams; the Blue Nile and the Atbara which flow from the highlands of Ethiopia and the White Nile, the headstreams of which flow into Lake, Victoria and Albert.

Countries the Nile goes through:

1.Burundi

2.Egypt

3.Eritrea

4.Ethiopia

5.Kenya

6.Rwanda

7.Sudan

8.South Sudan

9.Tanzania

10.Uganda

11.Democratic Republic of the Congo

Some Iconic/Important landmark

1.Great Sphinx

In ancient Greece, a sphinx was a mythical creature with the head of a human and a lion’s body. The sphinx is carved out of limestone,it is believed to have been built more than 2,500 years before the birth of Christ. It is located on the west bank of the Nile River, the Sphinx is said to resemble the Pharaoh Khafre. It is considered the oldest huge sculpture in Egypt. The Sphinx was carved from rocks that were used in the Great Pyramid.

2.Karnak Temple

The name Karnak Temple may be misnamed since it’s really a city of temples in one complex. The building of this temple started around 2000 BC and eventually became one of the largest religious buildings ever built. . Karnak Temple was a pilgrimage destination for 2,000 years. The temple is in ruins now, but its past greatness still shines through.

3.Abu Simbel

Ramesses II left his legacy, Abu Simbel, on the banks of the Nile River more than 1,200 years BC. Abu Simbel consists of two temples, Great and Small, that are carved into a cliff. Scholars agree it took 20 years to build. The Great Temple is dedicated to Ramesses II and various gods while the Small Temple is dedicated to his favorite wife, Nefertari. 

4.Great Pyramid

 Until the Eiffel Tower was built, this pyramid was the tallest man-made structure in the world. It is located near Cairo, the Great Pyramid was built during the 2589 – 2566 BC reign of King Khufu. With a base of 754 feet, the Great Pyramid rises 474 feet into the air. Did you know that two million blocks were needed to make his?

5.White desert

The White Desert is like driving through an alien landscape. Wind erosion created the giant stones and pebbles that rise eerily out of the ground. It took Nature thousands of years to create these marvelous snow-white chalk formations.

Dynasties in Egypt

Dynasties are a line of rulers or chiefs from the same family, who take the throne.

Dynasties over the years in Egypt

Early Dynastic Period: 3100 – 2686 BC (Dynasties I and II)
Dynasty I (3100 – 2890 BC):
Rulers of the First Dynasty: Narmer (Menes), Aha, Djer, Djet, Den, Anedjib, Semerkhe and Qaa

Dynasty II (2890 – 2686 BC):
Rulers of the Second Dynasty: Hotepsekhemwy, Raneb, Ninetjer, Seth-Peribsen, Khasekhemwy

Old Kingdom 2686 – 2181 BC (Dynasties III – VI)

Dynasty III (2686 – 2575 BC):
Rulers of the Third Dynasty: Sanakhte, (2686 – 2668 BC), Zoser aka Djoser (2668 – 2649 BC), Sekhemkhet (2649 – 2643 BC), Khaba (2643 – 2637 BC), Huni (2637 – 2613 BC).
Dynasty IV (2613 – 2498 BC):
Rulers of the Fourth Dynasty: Sneferu (2613 – 2589 ), Khufu aka Cheops (2589 – 2566 BC), Radjedef (2566 – 2558 BC), Khafre aka Cheophren (2558 – 2532 BC), Menkaru aka Mycerinus (2532 – 2504 BC) and Shepseskaf (2504 – 2500 BC).
Dynasty V (2465 – 2323 BC):
Rulers of the Fifth Dynasty: Userkef (2498 – 2491 BC), Sahure (2491 – 2477 BC), Neferirkare Kakai (2477 – 2467 BC). Shepseskare Ini (2467 – 2460 BC), Raneferef (2460 – 2453 BC), Neuserre Izi (2453 – 2422BC), Menkauhor (2422 – 2414 BC), Djedkare Isesi (2414 – 2375 BC) and Unas (2375 – 2345 BC).
Dynasty VI (2345 – 2181 BC):
Rulers of the Sixth Dynasty: Teti (2345 – 2333 BC), Pepi I (2332 – 2283 BC), Merenre (2283 – 2278 BC) and Pepi II (2278 – 2184 BC).

Middle Kingdom: 2040 – 1797 BC ( Dynasties XI and XII)

Dynasty XI (2134 – 1991 BC):
Rulers of the Eleventh Dynasty: Intef I (2134 – 2117 BC), Intef II 2117 – 2069 BC), Intef III (2069 – 2060 BC), Mentuhotep I (2060 – 2010 (BC), Mentuhotep II (2010 – 1998 BC) and Mentuhotep III (1997 – 1991 BC).
Dynasty XII (1991 – 1782 BC):
Rulers of the Twelfth Dynasty: Amenemhet I (1991 – 1962 BC), Senusret I (1971 – 1926 BC), Amenemhet II (1929 – 1895 BC), Senusret II (1897 – 1878 BC), Senusret III (1878 – 1841 BC), Amenemhet III (1842 – 1797 BC), Amenemhet IV (1798 – 1786 BC) and Queen Sobeknefru (1785 – 1782) BC).

New Kingdom: 1567 -1070 BC (Dynasties XVIII – XX):

Dynasty XVIII (1570 – 1293 BC):
Rulers of the Eighteenth Dynasty: Ahmose I (1570 – 1546 BC), Amenhotep I (1551 – 1524 BC),Tuthmosis I (1524 – 1518 BC), Tuthmosis II (1528 – 1504 BC), Queen Hatshepsut (1498 – 1483 BC) Tuthmosis III (1504 – 1450 BC), Amenhotep II (1453 – 1419 BC), Tuthmosis IV (1419 – 1386 BC),
Amenhotep III (1386 – 1349 BC), Amenhotep IV (Akhenaton) (1350 – 1334 BC), Smenkhkare (1336 -1334 BC), Tutankhamun (1334 -1325 BC) Ay (1325 – 1321 BC) and Horemheb (1321 – 1293 BC).
Dynasty XIX (1293 – 1185 BC):
Rulers of the Nineteenth Dynasty: Ramesses I (1291 – 1291 BC), Seti I (1291 1278 BC), Ramesses II (1279 – 1212 BC), Merneptah (1212 – 1202 BC), Amenmesses (1202 – 1199 BC), Seti II (1199 – 1193 BC), Siptah (1193 – 1187 BC) and Queen Twosret (1187 – 1185 BC).
Dynasty XX (1185 – 1070 BC):
Rulers of the Twentieth Dynasty: Setnakhte (1185 – 1182 BC), Ramesses III (1182 – 1151 BC), Ramesses IV (1151 – 1145 BC), Ramesses V (1145 – 1141 BC), Ramesses VI (1141 – 1133 BC), Ramesses VII (1133 – 1126 BC), Ramesses VIII (1133 – 1126 BC), Ramesses IX (1126 – 1108 BC),
Ramesses X (1108 – 1098 BC) and Ramesses IV (1098 – 1070 BC).

Third Intermediate Period: 1070 – 525 BC (Dynasties XXI-XXVI):

Dynasty XXI (1085 – 945 BC):
Rulers of the Twenty-first Dynasty: Egypt divided Amun rule in Thebes and pharoahs in Tanis.
Dynasty XXII (945 – 745 BC):
Ruler of the Twenty-second Dynasty: Sheshonk I (Libyan dynasty)
Dynasty XXIII (745 – 718 BC):
Ruler of the Twenty-third Dynasty: Nubian invasion ruled by of Piankhi
Dynasty XXIV (718 – 712 BC):
Ruler of the Twenty-fourth Dynasty: ?
Dynasty XXV (712 – 663 BC):
Ruler of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty: Invasion by Assyria (foreign domination follows), ruled by Taharka.
Dynasty XXVI (663 – 525 BC):
Ruler of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty: Necho II, (Herodotus)

Late Dynastic Period: 525 – 332 BC (Dynasties XXVII – XXX):

Dynasty XXVII (525 – 405 BC):
Rulers of the Twenty-seventh Dynasty: Egypt is ruled by the Persian invaders Artaxeres, Xerxes, Darius I and Cambyses.
Dynasties XXVIII through XXX (405 – 332 BC):
Ruler of the Twenty-eighth Dynasty: Amyrtaeus
Rulers of the Twenty-ninth and Thirtieth Dynasties: Nectanebo I (30 th Dynasty). Last of the native dynasties ends with the conquest of Alexander the Great in 332 BC.

Important Pharaohs

Pharaohs were the rulers of the country.

1.Khufu(reigned 2589-2566 BC)

Khufu is famous for commissioning the building of the Great Pyramid of Giza, also known as the Great Pyramid of Khufu. It is the oldest and the biggest of the three main pyramids referred to as the Giza Necropolis. It is also the oldest on the famous list of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only thing on this list that has stayed in good enough condition to be appreciated today.

2.Hatshepsut (reigned 1498-1483 BC)

Hatshepsut was a female pharaoh and was part of the 18th dynasty.She is famous due to the success of her reign.Some historians refer to her as the first great woman in global history.

3.Thutmose III (reigned 1479-1425 BC)

As a joint leader of ruler of ancient Egypt with his stepmother Hatshepsut, Thutmose III was in charge of the army. He is famous for his leadership and commanding abilities, especially during battle. He was a brave warrior.

4.Cleopatra(reigned 51-30 BC)

Cleopatra VII, was the last pharaoh of Egypt. In 51 BC, she became joint leader with her ten-year-old brother (to whom she was married).At the time, Egypt was suffering from financial difficulties and divisions caused by civil war. Cleopatra united the country again and brought great prosperity back for some time. She committed suicide by letting an asp, a poisonous snake, bite her

5.Tutankhamun (reigned 1334-1325 BC)

Tutankhamun, also known as King Tut, was the youngest pharaoh ever at the age of nine, and he was only eighteen when he died. This relatively short reign might have gone unnoticed by historians if his tomb hadn’t been found in such perfect condition in 1922 Lord Carnarvon and Howard Carter.

Despite his young age, he did have a significant effect on Egypt. He took over from his father, Akhenaten, who set out to reform the religion of Egypt. He wanted his nation to worship just one god, Aten, as opposed to the many traditional gods that the ancient Egyptians had worshiped for centuries. When Tutankhamun came to power, many of the old temples and monuments had been destroyed. Tutankhamun set about restoring them.

Egyptian Culture

The ancient Egyptians were amongst the earliest civilizations. Egypt surprisingly maintained complex and balanced culture, which later influenced the European cultures according to China daily.

The formal writing of the ancient Egyptians were “Egyptian hieroglyphs”. Arabic is their official language and it came to Egypt in the 7th century. Many Egyptians believed that when their Pharaohs died they would have to bury the Pharaoh deep inside the Pyramid. The ancient Egyptian literature dates back to the Old Kingdom.

The Egyptians were one of the first major civilizations to codify design elements in art.

A number of great mathematicians, astronomers, and scientists such as Ctesibius, Pappus, and Diophantus were form Alexandria. It also attracted scholars from all over the Mediterranean according to wikipedia